{"id":444,"date":"2025-05-09T16:41:30","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T08:41:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yinduzhifu.life\/?p=444"},"modified":"2025-05-09T16:41:30","modified_gmt":"2025-05-09T08:41:30","slug":"%e5%8d%b0%e5%ba%a6%e6%94%af%e4%bb%98%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e4%b8%8e%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e6%94%af%e4%bb%98%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e5%af%b9%e6%af%94","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.yinduzhifu.life\/en\/2025\/05\/09\/%e5%8d%b0%e5%ba%a6%e6%94%af%e4%bb%98%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e4%b8%8e%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e6%94%af%e4%bb%98%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e5%af%b9%e6%af%94\/","title":{"rendered":"Indian Payment System vs Chinese Payment System"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ts177.mm.bing.net\/th?q=phonepe176\" alt=\"Indian Payment System vs Chinese Payment System\" title=\"Indian Payment System vs Chinese Payment System\"><\/p>\n<p>Payment systems in India and China differ significantly in terms of technological development, penetration and policy environment. The following is a comparative analysis in a number of dimensions:<\/p>\n<h3>1. <strong>Dominant model<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>sino<\/strong>: A high concentration of<strong>Mobile Payment Dual Oligopoly<\/strong>(Alipay + WeChat Pay accounted for more than 90% market share), QR code payment penetration over 80%.<\/li>\n<li><strong>India<\/strong>: A diverse ecosystem of \"public-private hybrids\", with the government-led UPI (Unified Payments Interface) accounting for 75% of transactions, but private wallets (Paytm\/PhonePe, etc.) remaining competitive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. <strong>infrastructure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>sino<\/strong>::\n<ul>\n<li>4G network coverage 98%, smartphone penetration 74%<\/li>\n<li>Central Bank's Digital Currency DCEP Pilot Moves Forward<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>India<\/strong>::\n<ul>\n<li>UPI system surpasses 300 million daily transactions (2023 data)<\/li>\n<li>Aadhaar Biometrics Reaches 1.3 Billion People<\/li>\n<li>RuPay Card Issuance Exceeds 600 Million Cards<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3. <strong>regulatory framework<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>sino<\/strong>::<br \/>\nFrom 2017 onwards, all payment institutions will be required to clear through the Internet Union.<br \/>\nProvisioning 100% centralised depository<\/li>\n<li><strong>India<\/strong>::<br \/>\nRBI mandates 30% cap on UPI transactions to be processed by third-party apps (for international players like Google Pay)<br \/>\nProvision for localised storage of data<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>4. <strong>Differences in user behaviour<\/strong><\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>norm<\/th>\n<th>sino<\/th>\n<th>India<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Number of non-cash transactions per capita<\/td>\n<td>150+\/year<\/td>\n<td>22 times\/year<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Percentage of micropayments<\/td>\n<td>&lt;$50 accounted for 63%<\/td>\n<td>&lt;100 rupees (about $8) accounts for 47%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Proportion of rural users<\/td>\n<td>38% (microfinance)<\/td>\n<td>57% (UPI)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>5.<strong>Innovative directions<\/strong><br \/>\n&#8211;<strong>sino<\/strong>:Face swipe payment (market share has reached 15%), cross-border collection (Alipay+ covers 100,000 overseas merchants)<br \/>\n&#8211;<strong>India<\/strong>:: Voice payments (AI voice assistant supports 12 dialects), offline digital rupee pilot<\/p>\n<p>6. Challenging comparisons<br \/>\n|China||India|<br \/>\n|&#8212;|&#8212;|&#8212;|&#8212;|<br \/>\nBiggest Pain PointsMarket SaturationAntitrust RegulationBanks' Bad Debt Rates Impacting Credit DeliveryCash Dependency Remains at 15% (Remote Areas)| |Digital Divide (Only 47% Women Have Bank Accounts)Cross-Platform Interoperability Needs to be Enhanced| |Digital Divide (Only 47% Women Have Bank Accounts)<\/p>\n<p>Future trends: both countries are exploring the integration of CBDC with existing systems, but India's open API architecture may be better suited for replication in developing countries, while China's full-scene ecosystem remains a model for business closure. Notably, UPI's interconnection with Singapore's PayNow in 2023 heralds a new path of globalised collaboration for payments in emerging markets.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>7. Cross-border payments and international cooperation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>sino<\/strong>::<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Alipay+<\/strong>: It has already covered more than 10 markets in Asia (Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia) and supports local wallet interconnections (e.g. Kakao Pay in Korea, Touch'n Go in Malaysia).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Digital RMB Pilot<\/strong>: Hong Kong and Singapore to conduct cross-border payment tests and explore trade settlement scenarios.<\/li>\n<li><strong>challenge<\/strong>: Strict individual cross-border payment limits ($50,000\/year) due to exchange controls.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>India<\/strong>::<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>UPI Globalisation<\/strong>: It has already connected with PayNow in Singapore and UAESWITCH in the UAE, and plans to expand to European, American and Indian diaspora in 2024.<\/li>\n<li><strong>RuPay International<\/strong>: Rollout in South Asian countries such as Nepal and Bhutan, where Visa\/Mastercard alternative strategies are evident.<\/li>\n<li><strong>challenge<\/strong>: The rupee exchange rate is volatile and internationalisation acceptance is still limited.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h3><strong>8. Comparative financial inclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>dimension (math.)<\/th>\n<th>sino<\/th>\n<th>India<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Bank account penetration<\/td>\n<td>96% (Central Bank 2023 data)<\/td>\n<td>80% (PMJDY plans to reach 500 million new users)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Digitisation rate of micro and small merchants<\/td>\n<td>Ultra 90% supports code-sweeping payment<\/td>\n<td>Approximately 651 TP3T (significant urban-rural disparity)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Credit service coverage<\/td>\n<td>Ant spend\/borrow users exceed 500 million<\/td>\n<td>Only 27% adults have official credit records<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&#8211;<strong>Key differences<\/strong>China relies on the sinking of commerce platforms (WeChat Pay's \"small shop code\" in rural areas), while India relies on government policy drivers (e.g., UPI Lite's KYC-free feature).<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>9.<strong>Technical Architecture Differences<\/strong><br \/>\n&#8211;<strong>sino<\/strong>:: Centralised clearing<br \/>\n-Alipay\/WeChat ecosystem, transactions completed within the closed loop<br \/>\nThe Central Bank's digital currency (DCEP) operates on a \"two-tier basis\" (distribution by commercial banks).<br \/>\n&#8211;<strong>India<\/strong>:: Distributed design<br \/>\nUPI is based on IMPS real-time settlement system, which can be accessed by any bank APP.<br \/>\nDigital rupee experimenting with \"direct mode\" (central bank to individual)<\/p>\n<p>&#8211;<strong>affect (usually adversely)<\/strong>India's open architecture is more scalable but more difficult to control, while China's system is more stable but more expensive to innovate.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>10.<strong>Future Competitive Focus<\/strong><br \/>\n1)<strong>CBDC Application Scenarios<\/strong><br \/>\n-China:Focus on B2B and government subsidy distribution (Shenzhen Digital RMB Red Packet)<br \/>\n-India: testing payroll and cross-border remittances (reducing SWIFT dependency)<\/p>\n<p>2)<strong>AI Enabled Directions<\/strong><br \/>\n-Alipay's \"Intelligent Risk Control\" Reduces Fraud Rate to 0.005%<br \/>\n-Paytm launches AI customer service assistant 'Hinglish' (a mix of Hindi and English)<\/p>\n<p>3)<strong>regulatory gaming<\/strong><br \/>\n-CNYC may ease foreign ownership restrictions to attract international players<br \/>\n-RBI may ask tech companies to share UPI traffic data<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>11.<strong>Implications for other emerging markets<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conditions for the application of the Chinese model<\/th>\n<th>Conditions for the application of the Indian model<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Best Practice Cases<\/td>\n<td>Vietnam (ZaloPay replicates WeChat ecosystem)<\/td>\n<td>Brazil (Pix system drawing on UPI architecture)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Core premises<\/td>\n<td>High smartphone penetration + strong regulation<\/td>\n<td>Strong willingness to collaborate among banks + urgent need for financial inclusion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>Note: Some countries in Africa are mixing and matching - e.g. Egypt is simultaneously introducing QR code standards (GSMA in partnership with China) + emulating UPI interoperability<\/em><\/p>\n<p>If there is a need to go deeper into an area (e.g. CBDC technical details or a country-specific benchmarking analysis), the discussion can be developed further.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u652f\u4ed8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u666e\u53ca\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u73af\u5883\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ece\u591a\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5206\u6790\uff1a 1. \u4e3b\u5bfc [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-1"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.9 (Yoast SEO v23.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u4ed8\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u652f\u4ed8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u6bd4 - \u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u4ed8|\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u4ed8\u670d\u52a1\u5546|\u5370\u5ea6\u4e09\u65b9\u652f\u4ed8<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yinduzhifu.life\/en\/2025\/05\/09\/\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u4ed8\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u652f\u4ed8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u6bd4\/\" \/>\n<meta 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